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•Masculinity - gender term where an individual shows male traits/ roles
•Femininity - gender term where an individual shows female traits/ roles
•Androgyny - gender term where an individual shows masculine and feminine traits
TEACHING IDEA - STUDENTS CREATE OWN QUESTIONNAIRE INVESTIGATING GENDER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SEXES (SCORE 1-10 ON A LIST OF TRAITS)
•Femininity - gender term where an individual shows female traits/ roles
•Androgyny - gender term where an individual shows masculine and feminine traits
- sex - whether an individual is biologically male or female
- gender - whether an individual is psychologically masculine, feminine or androgynous
TEACHING IDEA - STUDENTS CREATE OWN QUESTIONNAIRE INVESTIGATING GENDER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SEXES (SCORE 1-10 ON A LIST OF TRAITS)
Psychodynamic approach
•Nurture
•Electra complex - GIRLS unconsciously desire their father (penis envy) but worry about losing mothers love. baby acts as penis substitute!
•Nurture
- unconscious mind
•Electra complex - GIRLS unconsciously desire their father (penis envy) but worry about losing mothers love. baby acts as penis substitute!
Biological approach
X male/female range if behaviour
X gender roles can change
- Gender decided at the same time as sex is (conception)
- Chromosomes (two form genetic make-up) xx= female and xy= male
- Hormones - y chromosome 'switches on' a hormone in the foetus turning gonads into testes - testosterone and oestrogen cause gender related behaviour
- Instincts and evolution - gender is instinctive and have psychological differences to help them reproduce and make them different - women more coy therefore choosier over who they mate with (only 400 eggs - more picky). Males produce millions of sperm - can afford to 'play the field'. Females more 'caring' as they raise young in the wild. Males aggressive and competitive as they need to fight for food to provide.
X male/female range if behaviour
X gender roles can change
Diamond & Sigmundson (1997)
Boy was raised as a girl but ended up being a man.
-Supports nature
X Small sample
X natural sample (extraneous variables)
X Researchers too involved
Boy was raised as a girl but ended up being a man.
-Supports nature
X Small sample
X natural sample (extraneous variables)
X Researchers too involved
Kohlberg's theory (1966)
- gender develops through exploration of the world
- 3 stages: gender identity (2-3) can label own sex, gender stability (3-7) realise gender is fixed 'mummy'/'daddy' and gender consistency (7-12) external questioning - confusion over male in womans clothing
X 2-3 year old boys prefer playing with masculine and feminine toys
X Bem (1989) 3-4 year olds who have seen members of opposite sex naked display gender consistency
Schema Theory (Martin & Halverson)