![Picture](/uploads/8/0/5/2/80520132/strange-situation.png?680)
Individual Differences in attachment
•Secure (Type B)
•Insecure – anxious - avoidant (Type A)
•Insecure – anxious – ambivalent (Type C)
•Insecure – disorganised (Type D)
The Strange Situation (Ainsworth & Bell 1971)
•7 3-minute episodes
•Separation/ stranger anxiety
•Majority securely attached
•Secure – responsive caregivers
•Ambivalent – inconsistent/ unsure
•Avoidant - rejecting
X Lab – artificial setting
X cultural differences
Cross cultural variations (Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg - 1988)
•Strange situation in different cultures
•Difference in attachment patterns
•Secure (Type B)
•Insecure – anxious - avoidant (Type A)
•Insecure – anxious – ambivalent (Type C)
•Insecure – disorganised (Type D)
The Strange Situation (Ainsworth & Bell 1971)
•7 3-minute episodes
•Separation/ stranger anxiety
•Majority securely attached
•Secure – responsive caregivers
•Ambivalent – inconsistent/ unsure
•Avoidant - rejecting
X Lab – artificial setting
X cultural differences
Cross cultural variations (Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg - 1988)
•Strange situation in different cultures
•Difference in attachment patterns
Social effects of daycare
Belsky (1988) - NEGATIVE - children in daycare for 20 hours at least 4 monthes before age of 1 more likely to form insure attachments
Kagan (1980) - daycare makes NO DIFFERENCE to being at home - as long as good quality
Melhuish et al. (1990) - MIXED EFFECTS depending on type of daycare
- low carer to child ratio
- appropriate toys and equipment
- qualified staff who are responsive to needs
- suitable physical setting
![Picture](/uploads/8/0/5/2/80520132/internal-working-model.jpg?613)
Bowlby’s theory!
•Imprinting – geese
•Attachment innate
•Critical period – 3 years
•Caregiver – monotropic
•Social releasers
Biological/ needed for survival:
1.Safety
2.Emotional relationships (IWM)
3.Secure base
X sensitive period
X adoptive parents
X different relationships – different purposes
Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis
Early separation = permanent effects on development and mental health (affectionless pychopathy, depression etc)
influenced by ethology (imprinting), Freuds psychodynamics and research studies (below)
- positive changes in the treatment of children
- Bowlby's 44 thieves
- Goldfarb's fostered children
- Harlow and Harlow's rhesus monkeys
X retrospective data - made up terms
X individual differences regarding fostered children
X Harlow - tested on animals
X Sumomi &nHarlow - isolated monkeys later okay (effects reversible)
X Rutter - Romanian orphans (effects reversible with good care)
X Rutter - 'deprivation' too broad - privation/ disruption/ distortion - type of separation effects outcome
•Imprinting – geese
•Attachment innate
•Critical period – 3 years
•Caregiver – monotropic
•Social releasers
Biological/ needed for survival:
1.Safety
2.Emotional relationships (IWM)
3.Secure base
X sensitive period
X adoptive parents
X different relationships – different purposes
Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis
Early separation = permanent effects on development and mental health (affectionless pychopathy, depression etc)
influenced by ethology (imprinting), Freuds psychodynamics and research studies (below)
- positive changes in the treatment of children
- Bowlby's 44 thieves
- Goldfarb's fostered children
- Harlow and Harlow's rhesus monkeys
X retrospective data - made up terms
X individual differences regarding fostered children
X Harlow - tested on animals
X Sumomi &nHarlow - isolated monkeys later okay (effects reversible)
X Rutter - Romanian orphans (effects reversible with good care)
X Rutter - 'deprivation' too broad - privation/ disruption/ distortion - type of separation effects outcome
Effects on institutionalization
Hodges and Tizard (1989)
X individual differences
X research expectations
X interviews - demand characteristics
Hodges and Tizard (1989)
- Longitudinal study
- children spent time aged 0-2 in institutions - later adopted, restored or remained there
- looked at them 16 years later
- institutionalism has long term effects on social/ emotional development- more positive for restored/ adopted
X individual differences
X research expectations
X interviews - demand characteristics
Effects of extreme privation
X recovery assessment unreliable - original state of child not known - locked away due to abnormality?
X Czech twins may have recovered because they had each other
X small sample size
Recovery depends on age, quality of care and characteristics of the child
- Never had opportunity to form a bond
- Koluchova (1976) - Czech twins kept in a cellar and beaten for 7 years - fostered and made a good recovery
- Curtiss (1977) - raised in isolation and silence until aged 13 - no language skills - limited made through foster carers
X recovery assessment unreliable - original state of child not known - locked away due to abnormality?
X Czech twins may have recovered because they had each other
X small sample size
Recovery depends on age, quality of care and characteristics of the child
![Picture](/uploads/8/0/5/2/80520132/attachemnt-phases_orig.jpg)
Development of Attachments
(Schaffer & Emerson 1964)
1.Asocial (0-6 weeks)
2.Indiscriminate (6w – 7m)
3.Specific (7-12m)
4.Multiple (9m +)
•Links to Bowlby
(Schaffer & Emerson 1964)
1.Asocial (0-6 weeks)
2.Indiscriminate (6w – 7m)
3.Specific (7-12m)
4.Multiple (9m +)
•Links to Bowlby
![Picture](/uploads/8/0/5/2/80520132/72ff70c6cb32a57995de5d2081132da7_1.jpg?683)
Learning theory
Psychoanalytic theory
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning - positive and negative reinforcement
- secondary (learned) drive hypothesis - baby's hunger is a primary drive - mother becomes secondary drive due to association
Psychoanalytic theory
- Freud
- attachement based on need for food
- oral stage of psychosexual development
- Harlow and Harlow (1969) - comfort over food